- Implemented strict base64 validation and normalization for image `displayValue` payloads in the JS runtime, supporting strict strings, `Uint8Array`, `Buffer`, `ArrayBuffer`, typed-array views, and JSON `Buffer` objects.
- Dropped unrecognized image payloads while emitting a warning and fallback text instead of forwarding malformed data.
- Added tests covering successful coercions and invalid image data rejection paths.
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